May 15, 2011: If I have a dollar, and gave it to which dollars it becomes yours, but if I give you an idea, that the two of us will have it.
Background: Peter. Forest areas stressed the importance of the investment outlook.

: the stock market requires a firm confidence, lack of confidence will perish.
Background: Peter. Forest areas in the book of One Up On the Wall Street saying.

: I like to buy even a monkey can operate a company, because one day these companies they might really be the monkey business.
Background: Peter. The forest areas stressed the importance of select niche of the company itself.

: If the stock fell, but the fundamentals are still bullish, and not the sell, or even buying the.
Background: Peter. Forest areas stressed the importance of the investment portfolio in accordance with the fundamentals to establish.

: Most of my competitors do not find the reason to buy, specifically looking for reasons not to buy, this is my advantage.
Background: Peter. Forest areas in New Money Masters book about the blind spot of the general corporate institutional investors.

: the stock market decline is the bargain a good time, these bargains is to throw out those investors panic to escape the storm circle.
Background: Peter. The forest areas stressed the rational judgment of the buying opportunities.

content: If you are the kind of panic, sell everything, you should stay away from the stock market.
Background: Peter. Forest areas to emphasize the personality defects, and is not suitable for investing in stocks.

: sold in the rise of the stock is a form of self-deception strategy, which seems to unplug the flower in the garden, away irrigation weeds ; stock market is like playing poker, as long as the hands of the card shows the odds may be, should be firmly in the hands.
Background: Peter. The forest areas stressed clinging to the good stocks to the importance of Italian.

content: If you expected to occur some things to buy stocks, is expected to fall, they should sell the stock.
Background: Peter. Forest areas stressed the importance of buying stocks reasons.
10
: your stock market losses on the road, in an economic outlook report.
Background: Peter. The forest areas stressed that the economic forecasts be trusted.
11
content: PE ratio can let you know how many years to make the original investment principal, high PE ratios are quite negative on the stock, because it must earn extraordinary profits, to make such a high price rationalization.
Background: Peter. The forest areas stressed the importance to choose a low PE ratio stocks.
12
content: Every year I will spend 15 minutes to see the stock market.
Background: Peter. Forest areas in the New Money Masters book saying.
13
content: If you want to make money, looking for other people do not understand, or do those thoughts to stiff the people refused to do.
Background: Peter. Forest areas in the New Money Masters book saying.
14
content: the stock market the best way to make money is to invest in a profit for several years, and absolutely will grow down the small-cap growth companies.
Background: Peter. Forest areas in the New Money Masters book saying.
15
: When you make a mistake we must admit, then sell the stock I bought the vast majority are wrong.
Background: Peter. Forest areas in the New Money Masters book saying.
16
content: You will not be something you do not own prices victims, what you have will destroy you.
Background: Peter. Forest areas in the New Money Masters book saying.
17
: buy stocks for profit, rather than capital preservation.
Background: Peter. Forest areas in the book of One Up On the Wall Street suggest that investors should have the courage to face risk.
18
: Peter Law:
Article: When you see the opera field number three nil lead Cup of life probably there wrong with it!
: preference for bonds, gentlemen, I do not know what in the end missed!
: crayon ghost stuff , is not going to invest.
Article: Rear-view mirror can not see the future.
Article: Why spend money to hire Yo-Yo Ma to turn on the radio?
Article: since the election fund, you have to pick a good.
Article 7: Office of the degree of luxury, and corporate feedback is inversely proportional to the the wishes of the shareholders.
8: If the long-term bond yields than the S

factors affecting the filtration is what?
A: With the filtration carried out, the solid particle deposition in the filter surface and deep, due to a bridging role in the formation of residues layer , liquid filtration by clearance gap layer residues are assumed to be uniform capillary bundle, the flow of the liquid the Poiseuile formula:
pπr4t
V = 8ηl
type, V-liquid filtration capacity; p-filtration pressure difference; r-capillary radius; l-residues thickness; η-filtrate viscosity; t – filtration time can be seen factors affecting the filtration:
1 the greater the operating pressure, filtration rate, the faster the filtration method often used compression or decompression;
② filtrate stick slower the greater the degree of filtration rate, this can be used while still hot filter; the capillary
③ filter finer the greater the resistance, not easy to filtration; can use the filter aid, filter aid is porous incompressible nature of the filtration media, to prevent sediment contact and clogging medium perforations to maintain a certain porosity, reducing resistance, and thus play the role of filter aids commonly used filter aid pulp, diatomaceous earth, talc Therefore, deposition, activated carbon, etc.;
④ filtration rate and capillary length is inversely proportional to the amount of cake, the more the resistance, the filtration rate is slower; often used to pre-filter.

6. measures to prevent oxidation?
A: a dark, use of sunscreens
2 get rid of oxygen and an inert gas
3 by adding antioxidants
4 by adding the metal chelator
7. write 10% Vc injection (ascorbic acid) prescribing the composition and analysis?
< br /> A: ascorbic acid 10g main drug
sodium bicarbonate appropriate amount of pH adjusting agent
NAHSO4 0.4g antioxidant
according to diethyl appropriate amount of sodium metal ion chelator
injection of water added to 100ml solvent
using CO2 exclude the ampoule in the oxygen
8. why in vitamin C injection the fluid prescription disodium edetate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium bisulfite? CO2 gas in the preparation process to charge?
A: EDTA: metal ion chelators to prevent the metal ions;
sodium bicarbonate: adjust the pH value, maintain the nature of the stability of vitamin C
bisulfite sodium: Antioxidant vitamin C, prevent the oxidation of oxygen;
in the preparation process of filling the CO2 gas: to exclude oxygen to prevent oxidation of the oxygen.
What is a liposome? liposome The composition, structure and surface active agent micelles What the difference?
A: the lipid system refers to the drug encapsulated in the class of lipid bilayer (thickness of about 4nm) and the formation of micro-capsule bubbles called liposomes lipid pellets or liquid crystal microcapsules.
liposomes of the composition, structure of surfactant micelles, which is composed of monolayer , while the liposome bilayer composition. phospholipid liposome membranes is a major component of the liposome.
10. write the preparation process of the injection (injection)? < br />
A: The main drug additives injection solvent with liquid potting sterilization filtration

ampoule washing drying (sterilization) < br />
leak quality check printing packaging products
11. illustrates the principle of single Coacervation microcapsules is what?
A: single coagulation (simple coacervation) is more commonly used as a phase separation, which is in the polymer capsule wall material (such as gelatin) solution by adding a coagulant to reduce polymer solubility to condense into the capsular side

the basic principles of coagulant is strongly hydrophilic substance, the electrolyte of sodium sulfate or ammonium sulfate aqueous solution, strongly hydrophilic non-electrolytes such as ethanol or acetone. gelatin solution in a coagulant, the water molecules with coagulant the solubility of the gelatin to reduce the formation of hydrogen bonds between molecules, and finally precipitate from the solution and condense into the gelatin microcapsules. However, this cohesion is reversible once the lifting of conditions (such as diluted with water) to promote cohesion, can Xie condensation occurs, so that Microcystis soon disappear. this reversibility in the preparation process can be repeatedly used until the cohesion the microcapsules shape of the satisfaction so far (available microscope) Finally, crosslinking, making it non-condensing, not adhesion, irreversible spherical micro- capsule.
12. What is the distribution coefficient of the drug? What is the significance of the determination of drug partition coefficient study of pharmaceutical preparations?
A: The distribution coefficient (partition coefficient) refers to drugs dissolved in two immiscible solvents and to achieve the equilibrium concentration ratio.
oil / water partition coefficient significance
drug dissolution in the body to absorb, distribution, transport and of water-soluble and fat-soluble drugs. that the oil-water partition coefficient. appropriate fat-soluble drugs, in order to spread and through the biofilm, and water-soluble be conducive to drug transporter in the body fluids to reach site of action and receptor, resulting in drug effects, drugs need to have appropriate oil-water partition coefficient.
13 in the study of pharmaceutical preparations designed to prevent photochemical oxidation can take what measures? < br />
A: a dark, use sunscreen get rid of the oxygen and the use of inert gas by adding antioxidants to join metal chelator
14. What is Pyrogen? Jane the above heat of the original nature of the pyrogen pollution pathway and remove the heat of the original method.
A: The heat was originally produced by microbes endotoxin, is composed of phospholipids, lipopolysaccharide, and protein complexes. LPS is the active center.
the pyrogen nature: (1) heat resistance; ② The water-soluble; ③ not volatile; ④ The filtration; the ⑤ adsorption; ⑥ The chemical reagents destruction; ⑦ ultrasound also can destroy the pyrogens.

pollution hot original way: (1) the solvent into; ② from the raw materials into; ③ of containers, utensils, pipes, and devices into; ④ into by the preparation process; into after ⑤ The sterilization; ⑥ The infusion into the
remove pyrogens: ① The container pyrogen removed, the available high-temperature method or acid-base method ; 2 original water heat removed, the available ion exchange, gel filtration, distillation, reverse osmosis, etc.; ③ The solution of heat removed, the available adsorption and ultrafiltration.
The main difference of 15. brief wine agents and tinctures (solvent system of law, and concentration).
A: The wine agent (medicinal liquor), also known as wine, means a medicinal wine distillation extraction system into a clear liquid formulations. solvent distillation wine general impregnation method prepared by infiltration reel, and more for oral administration, a few do topical.
tincture (tincture) means a medicine prescribed concentration of alcohol extract made to clarify the liquid dosage forms, or liquid extract diluted made solvent for the prescribed concentration of ethanol. general use of the dilution method, the dissolution method, impregnation and infiltration reel was prepared for oral or topical tincture per 100ml is equivalent to the original drugs 20g per 100ml of tincture containing highly toxic drug is equivalent to the original drug 10g.
16. brief botanical to leaching principle.
A: leaching process including infiltration, dissolution, diffusion, the replacement of four stages.
the Fick diffusion law and its influencing factors of dM =-DS (dC / dX) dt
D = (RT / N ) (1/6πrη)
which M-diffusion material amount of R-gas constant S – diffusion area of ??the T-temperature dC/dt- concentration gradient of the N-Avogadro constant t-proliferation time of r-diffusion molecular radius of the D-diffusion coefficient η-viscosity, the negative sign that the drug diffusion direction and the concentration gradient in the opposite direction
influencing factors:
① The grinding degree ② concentration the gradient ③ temperature (4) molecular size and leaching time ⑤ other solvent type, nature, the amount of leaching pressure
17. injection of accessories, including what types? What is the role of each type of accessories?
A: injection except drugs and solvents, plus other substances called additives commonly used additives are:
(1) pH modifier hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, citrate buffer, tartrate buffer and phosphate buffer solution, etc.
(2) surfactant polysorbate esters (commonly used polysorbate 80) , polyoxyethylene castor oil, poloxamer 188, lecithin, etc., used as a solubilizing, wetting, emulsifying agent.
(3) suspending agent of PVP, gelatin, methyl cellulose , sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, etc., for the suspension injection.
(4) retard oxidation of the additives antioxidants commonly used sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate local pain; commonly used chelating agent EDTA sodium salt; inert gas commonly used carbon dioxide or nitrogen.
(5) isotonic regulator commonly used sodium chloride, glucose
(6) agent benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, butyl alcohol, procaine hydrochloride, lidocaine.
(7) antibacterial agent used in multi-dose injection and sterile aseptic preparation, vein and spinal injection of the product shall not increase the antibacterial agent and an amount of more than 5ml injection should be vigilant in the commonly used phenol, cresol, chloro-p-cresol, benzyl alcohol, trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol, thimerosal, etc.
< br /> (8) filler frozen dried products, according to the needs of specific products can be added to specific stabilizers, fillers, such as glucose, lactose, sucrose, mannitol,
(9) protein drugs protective agent lactose, sucrose, maltose, glycine, human serum albumin.
18 for the powder to form a low total dissolved matter, should be in preparing to take what measures?
< br /> A: a eutectic, the pharmacological effects compared with separate application of enhanced, should adopt the eutectic;
2 eutectic, such as the pharmacological effects of little change, and the disposal of the solid composition more can be eutectic composition of the first eutectic, then absorption mixed with other components, so that the uniformly dispersed;
prescription contains a volatile oil or other information sufficient to dissolve the liquid eutectic components. can be the first total melting component dissolved, then by spray or mixed with other solid ingredients and mix;
4 inclusive, the pharmacological effects of weakened, with other ingredients diluted, and avoid low communion.
19. brief surfactants in the pharmaceutical
A: (1), solubilizer in pharmaceutical, many of the difficult capacitive drug solubility in water is small, reach the treatment required concentration of surfactant solubilization of most often applied to improve drug solubility.
(2) emulsifier. many of the surfactant with the nature of the emulsifier is an excellent emulsifier.
(3), wetting agent surfactant to promote the wetting of the liquid in the solid surface spreading or penetration role as a wetting agent.
(4), foaming agents or defoamers. surfactants can reduce the surface tension of the liquid, so that the foam stability, foaming agent and foam stabilizer role of surface tension and water-soluble small surfactant can make bubble destruction.
(5), detergent and some surfactants can be used to remove dirt. < br />
(6), disinfectants and fungicides. most of the cationic and zwitterionic surfactants can be used as disinfectants.
20. outlined the characteristics of the microporous membrane

A: a small aperture, uniform retention ability, without fluid flow rate, pressure effects; 2 texture is light and thin (0.1-0.15mm) and the porosity is large, so the liquid through the film when the resistance is small, speed into account, compared with the same retention index film total volume of medium, taking into account speed 20 times faster; 3 membrane is a continuous whole, filtration media off; 4 does not affect the pH value of the liquid; membrane adsorption of small, liquid retention; 6 membrane with abandon and is widely used in the production of injection.
21. What is Pyrogen? briefly the nature of the pyrogen, pyrogen contamination channels and remove the heat of the original method.
A: The heat was originally produced by microbes, endotoxin, is composed of phospholipids, lipopolysaccharide, and protein complexes, in which LPS is the active center.

the pyrogen nature: ① The heat resistance; ② The water-soluble; ③ not volatile; ④ The filtration; the ⑤ adsorption; ⑥ The chemical reagents destruction; ⑦ ultrasonic destruction of pyrogen. < br />
pollution pyrogen ways: (1) the solvent into; ② from the raw materials into; ③ by containers, utensils, pipes and devices into; ④ into by the preparation process; ⑤ sterilization into; ⑥ The infusion into the
remove pyrogens: ① The container pyrogen removed, the available high-temperature method or acid-base method; ② The original water heat removed, the available ion exchange, gel filtration, distillation, reverse osmosis, etc.; the ③ solution pyrogen removed, the available adsorption and ultrafiltration.
22 illustrate a method to increase drug solubility ?
A: (1) made of soluble salts containing basic groups of drugs such as alkaloids, quinine, cocaine, procaine, etc., made of acid salts
(2) the introduction of hydrophilic groups in order to increase the solubility in water; the introduction of hydrophilic groups increase the solubility in water insoluble drug molecules such as vitamin B2, water solubility of 1: more than 3000, while the introduction of-PO3HNa the formation of vitamin B2 sodium phosphate solution solubility increased by 300 times;
(3) by adding cosolvent. difficult capacitive drug by adding a cosolvent to form complexes, the complexes increase the solubility. iodine plus potassium iodide can be formed the complex KI3 increase the solubility of iodine in the water;
(4) mixed solvent mixed solvent is mixed with water in any ratio with water molecules can form hydrogen bonding and increase the dielectric constant, increase of insoluble drugs solvent solvent, such as the drug digitalis glycosides can be dissolved in water and ethanol in the mix of chemicals.
23 delay the oxidation of drugs?
A: (1) dark, use sunscreen; (2) get rid of the oxygen and the use of inert gas; (3) by adding antioxidants; (4) by adding a metal chelator.
24. outlined the basic principles of complex coacervation Preparation of microcapsules.
A: The system uses two oppositely charged polymer material as a composite capsule crosslinked materials, under certain conditions, and condensed into the capsule and the capsule mind and matter, for example, gelatin and gum arabic as capsule wall material, the capsule mind and matter and the gelatin and gum arabic solution to form a suspension or emulsion, solution adjust the pH value lower than gelatin isoelectric point so that a positive charge, and gum arabic is still negatively charged, the formation of the complex of positive and negative ion charges attract each other cross-linking, wrapped capsule mind and matter solubility lower cohesion encysted.
25. What are the difference between the O / W type emulsion and W / O type emulsion method?
A: O / W emulsion W / O type emulsion
looks milky, oily color approximate
dilute the water to dilute the available oil diluted the conductivity of conductive non-conductive or almost non-conductive

< br /> phase staining
oil-soluble pigment in water-soluble pigments Foreign Minister staining relative to staining Foreign Minister staining
26, outlined the general process of the sugar-coated tablet package, and explain each the purpose of a process.
A: The process is as follows: package isolation layer packet powder coat layer package sugar-coated layer package of colored sugar-coated layer of polish die – sugar-coated tablets.
(1) isolation layer barrier coat layer outsourcing layer of the tablet cores from isolation to prevent moisture in the coating solution penetration of the die.
(2). pink clothes layer powder coat layer is wrapped round the edges of the die edge clothing layer
(3). sucrose sugar-coated layer on the outsourcing of the powder coat layer with a layer of clothing, make the surface smooth and delicate.
(4). colored sugar-coated layer to increase the aesthetic or shading, or ease of identification in the sugar-coated outside and then wrapped in colored sugar-coated.
(5) the outermost layer of polish in the sugar-coated coated with a thin layer of wax, gloss, and both the moisture effect.
27. Note briefly pressing sterilizer use.
the date when: (1) the use of saturated steam; (2) of the air in the sterilizer must be excluded; (3) sterilization time to really achieve the required temperature is required by all the liquid temperature; (4) off stop heating after the bacteria completed, must be the pressure is gradually reduced to 0, in order to release the pot and steam pot pressure and atmospheric pressure equal to slightly open the autoclave for 10-15 minutes, and then fully open.
< br /> 28. What is the solid dispersion? briefly solid dispersion system, classification, and immediate-release principle.
A: solid dispersion is also known as a solid dispersion, solid drugs to the molecular colloidal microcrystalline or amorphous state dispersed in another water-soluble, insoluble or enteric solid carrier made of a high degree of dispersion.
Preparation

(1) (2) solvent; (3) solvent – melting method; (4) grinding method; (5) liquid solvent diffusion method;
solvent (6) – spray (freeze) drying method
of dispersion type
classification of drug release characteristics of sustained release, controlled release and immediate-release, enteric-type
dispersion state of solid solution, a simple eutectic mixture, precipitates, also known as total drug and carrier material of the evaporation material mixed eutectic eutectic rapid cooling can be fully integrated, all physical mixture into a solid dispersion, called the eutectic type of solid dispersions of drugs evenly dispersed in a carrier material microcrystalline microcrystalline
crystal structure can be divided into replacement and fill solid-state solution.
immediate-release principle:
(1) highly dispersed drug to accelerate the drug release
drugs in the solid dispersion material was very fine colloidal microcrystalline or ultrafine particles, even to the molecular state of existence, not only greatly increased the surface area of ??the drug can also increase the solubility of the drug, and therefore certainly increase the dissolution rate of drugs, to achieve speed The release effect.
(2) the dissolution of the carrier material for drugs to promote the role of
water-soluble carrier to improve the wettability of the drug;
carrier to ensure a high degree of dispersion of the drugs;
carrier on drug suppression crystal.
29. What is the HLB value of surfactant? HLB value of the size able to show that What is its nature?
A: HLB value (hydrophile-lipophile balance, HLB) Department of the surface active agent molecules in the hydrophilic and lipophilic groups on the affinity of the oil or water, is used to represent the surfactant hydrophilic-lipophilic strength values. range of values: of HLB 0 to 40, including non-ionic surfactant of HLB 0 ~ 20, ie, paraffin 0, polyoxyethylene 20
1. lipophilic surfactant HLB and high HLB of the hydrophilic surfactant;
② pro oily or highly hydrophilic surfactant soluble in oil or soluble in water;
③ HLB value, suitable for W / O emulsifier and surfactant in 3 to 6;
④ HLB value of 8 to 18 of surfactants suitable for O / W emulsifier;
⑤ The HLB value of 13 to 18 surfactant suitable for solubilizing agent;
⑥ The HLB value suitable for 7-9 surfactant wetting agent.
30. delay the hydrolysis of drugs?
A: (1) improvement of pharmaceutical preparations (2) of the production process; made insoluble salt; (3) the formation of the complex;
(4) adjusting the pH value; (5) Increase the buffer; (6) Select suitable solvent; (7). select the appropriate ionic strength; (8) by adding a surfactant
31. increase the filtration rate of liquid pharmaceutical measures?
A: ① operating pressure, the greater the faster the filtration rate, often used compression or decompression of the filtration method;
② filtrate viscosity, the greater the filtration rate is slower, this can be used to take advantage of hot filtration; the capillary
③ filter finer the greater the resistance, not easy to filtration; can use the filter aid. filter aid is porous, incompressible nature of the filtration media to prevent sediment contact and plug medium holes to maintain a certain porosity, reducing resistance, and thus play the role of filter aids. commonly used filter aid pulp, diatomaceous earth, talc, activated carbon, etc.;
④ filtration rate and inversely proportional to the length of capillary, so deposition of cake, the more the greater the resistance, the filtration rate is slower; often used to pre-filter.
32. outlined the characteristics of the spray granulation. < br />
A: spray granulating the drug solution and suspension atomizer spray drying in the hot air inside the atomizer, the evaporation and directly made of dry spherical fine particles method.
characteristics: (1) directly from the liquid to get the powdered solid particles;
(2) hot air temperature is high, but droplets large surface area, drying rate is very material heating time is very short, relatively low temperature of dry material suitable for handling heat-sensitive boring;
(3) particle size range of about 30 to several hundred microns, the bulk density of about 200-600kg more hollow spherical particles / m3, with good solubility, dispersion and mobility.
33. stoke law, measures to improve the suspension stability?

h 2) g / 9r 1 – r A: Stocks Law: V = 2 r2 (
particle the greater the particle and dispersion medium, the greater the density, the viscosity of the dispersion medium smaller, the faster the particle settling velocity, the kinetic stability of the suspensions, the worse. Method: 1. reduce the particle size, adding suspending agents; 2 particles of charge, hydration; 3 flocculation, deflocculation ; crystalline growth transition; reduce the concentration of the dispersed phase
34. can form a eutectic mixture of powder preparation?
A: (1 ) eutectic, the pharmacological effects compared with separate application of enhanced, should adopt the eutectic;
(2) eutectic, such as the pharmacological effects of little change, and to dispose of the solid component more can be eutectic composition first eutectic mixture, so that the uniformly dispersed, and then absorbed by other components;
(3) prescriptions containing volatile oil or other information sufficient to dissolve the liquid eutectic components, first dissolved total melting component, and then again by the spray or mixed with other solid ingredients and mix;
(4) inclusive, the pharmacological effects of weakening, respectively dilution of ingredients, avoid low-inclusive.
35. briefly solid dispersion preparation method.
A: (1) melting method; (2) solvent; (3) solvent – melting method; (4) grinding method; (5) liquid solvent diffusion method; (6) solvent – spray (freeze) drying method.
36. brief drug the basic principles of dosage form selected
A: Security: pharmaceutical preparations should be designed to improve medication safety, reduce irritating or toxic side effects side effects of drugs from the chemical structure of drug itself the design of pharmaceutical preparations. into controlled release formulations for drugs with low therapeutic index should be designed to reduce fluctuations in the peak and valley concentration, maintain a stable blood levels and reduced toxicity.
Effectiveness: the effectiveness of the premise of the drug, chemical raw material is considered to be the most important factor of drugs in their efficacy, but its role is often limited by the formulation factors.
controllability: Drug, quality is to determine the important guarantee of its efficacy and safety of the preparation design must be quality controlled the controllability mainly reflected in the predictability and reproducibility of the quality of the preparations.
stability : the stability of pharmaceutical preparations, including physical, chemical and biological stability.
compliance: compliance refers to the acceptance of patients or medical staff on the use of drugs difficult for patients to receive drug delivery or dosage form is not conducive to treatment.
37. which drugs can be made into suspension? which drugs should not be made to the suspension?
A: (1) of insoluble drugs need to made of liquid preparations for clinical application;
(2) the dose exceeds the solubility can not be the form of a solution agent;
(3) a mixture of two solutions of drug solubility decreased precipitation of solid drug
(4) want to play a sustained release of drugs can be considered made suspension
Poisonous drug or dose of drugs should not be system into suspension.
38, briefly aerosol lung absorption features
A: (1) The lung has a huge available for absorption surface area, about 70m2 alveolar place of human blood exchange. 3-4 billion of the total alveolar, alveolar total area of ??140m2.
(2) has a very rich capillary and alveolar capillaries in contact with a total area of ??100m2, the alveolar surface to the capillary distance of 0.5-1μm.
(3) blood through the pulmonary circulation of the amount of approximately 10% of the circulation
< br /> (4) to avoid liver first pass effect, lower activity of the epithelial barrier thin membrane through higher.
39. general preparation procedure Shishu wet granulation tablet
A: mixing a wetting agent or adhesive granulation drying
drugs, excipients crushed sieved —- materials ———- —- soft material —- wet granules dried particles —- Whole —- Tablet
40. briefly sustained-release formulations in order to reduce the rate of diffusion principles of the various process methods.
A: sustained-release formulations, drug diffusion first dissolved into a solution and then diffuse out from the preparation to enter the body fluids, and its release rate by the diffusion rate limiting process methods are mainly the following:
(1) Coating: drugs or pellets with refractory material coating;
(2) made of microcapsules : Microcapsule Membranes semipermeable membrane, water permeable into the capsule in the gastrointestinal tract, dissolve drug to form a saturated solution, then spread to be absorbed by the body in the digestive juices outside the capsule.
(3 a) made insoluble skeleton tablet: a water-insoluble materials can be made insoluble skeleton tablet
(4) increase the viscosity in order to reduce the rate of diffusion: the increase in viscosity to extend the role of drug is mainly used for injection or other liquid preparations;
(5) made implants
(6) made of emulsion: water-soluble drugs can be made of W / O emulsion injection.
41. impact of medicinal active ingredient leaching factors?
A: leaching process including infiltration, dissolution, diffusion, replacement of four stages of the Fick diffusion law and its impact factors of dM =-DS (dC / dX) dt D = (RT / N) (1/6πrη)
which the proliferation of the M-material amount of R-gas constant S – T-temperature, diffusion area dC/dt- concentration gradient N-Avogadro t-diffusion time r-diffusion of molecular radius D-diffusion coefficient η-viscosity, negative sign indicates the direction of diffusion of the drug and the concentration gradient direction
influencing factors: (1) smash ② concentration gradient ③ temperature (4) molecular size and leaching time ⑤ other solvent type, nature, the amount of leaching pressure medicine types.
42. determination Dissolution what is the significance? commonly used method for determination? which drugs must be determined dissolution?
A: The dissolution provisions of the dissolution medium, drug dissolution from a tablet or capsule, etc. solid dosage solid pharmaceutical preparations, the speed and extent of dissolution of the important factors affect the absorption of the dissolution rate of solid dosage forms to a certain extent, reflect the absorption of the drug can be used as the investigated solid dosage forms of the intrinsic quality indicators used basket slurry method, recycling, and disintegration of the instrument method determination of dissolution.
For some drugs must be the determination of dissolution: insoluble or difficult to absorb the drug; strong pharmacological effects, drug safety index and therapeutic dose and toxic dose of similar drugs; drugs for the treatment of serious diseases; require long-acting (sustained release) or available drugs.
43. say five kinds of local administration (non-gastric intestinal administration) and a systemic therapeutic effect of formulations, and its absorption site.
A: suppositories, rectal or vaginal
transdermal skin

eye drops eye
the inhalation Fen Wuji lung
nasal preparations nasal
44. brief commonly used preparation package complex inclusion
A: saturated aqueous solution: also known as recrystallization or co-precipitation method. made of β-CD saturated aqueous solution, adding drugs to stir mixed 30min or more drugs by β -CYD inclusion.
grinding the law: to take the beta-CD 2-5 times the amount of water mixed to uniform, to join drugs, full grind to a paste, low-temperature drying, and then appropriate organic solvents to wash, and dry, that is, too.
freezing drying method: mixing the drug with β-CD, dissolved freeze-dried, wash away is not the inclusion of drugs, volatile to lotion. that is, too.